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Forty age ago this calendar month , the entire earth take a breath a operose sigh of rest period — though that sigh , and the reason for it , are largely forgotten today .
In March 1974 , the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) , made up primarily of Arab nation , decide to end a six - month trade stoppage that had crippled much of the spheric economy , fray the westerly world ’s social fabric and exposed humankind ’s utter dependence on one limited resource : oil .
Much has changed in the decades since , but is the United States ( or any Western king ) nearer to the " muscularity independency " that was present as a critical finish by President Richard Nixon — and every chairwoman since ? [ OPEC Oil Embargo : A Timeline ]
farsighted line , no gas
Few who were deliver after the 1960s call up what it was like for consumer during the oil embargo , which start in October 1973 and lasted through a long , cold winter .
" You would move up before daybreak , " pen Daniel Jack Chasan in theSeattle Times , " go up into a cold car ; force back , slowly , to a gas station … get in line behind the mass who had leave behind home plate even earlier ; turn off the locomotive engine to save natural gas ; pull your jacket crown up around your neck opening ; reconcile down and waitress until somebody arrived to turn on the lights , unlock the pumps and perchance let you buy a trivial gas . "
Almost overnight , the cost of oil stick out 400 percent , from $ 3 a barrelful before the trade embargo to $ 12 a barrel during the trade stoppage , which began as a reply to U.S. support for Israel during the 1973 Arab - Israeli War .
As the embargo extended to Western Europe and Japan , the industrialized world ’s profligate use of oil and flatulence came to a screeching stay . By February 1974 , about 20 percent of U.S. gas stations had no gasolene to betray , and some simply go out of business organisation .
foresighted lines , gas rationing and gasoline theft became banal . ( lock gas caps were a curiosity before the embargo . ) Violence and shootings come , especially among teamster , whose livelihood depended on plentiful supply of affordable gas .
car , which were previously sold for their flavor and lavishness , were on the spur of the moment being marketed for energy efficiency — a tactic that helped Japanese and European manufacturers of modest , fuel - sipping carsestablish a beachhead in the moneymaking U.S. machine market .
Governments respond to the trade embargo
The reply to the oil colour embargo was nothing shortsighted of galvanizing . People worldwide became aware — many for the first time — that electric power plant usually rely on oil or ember to lock . This sentience ushered in a young epoch ofenergy - efficient appliances , " visible radiation - out " campaigns and base weatherization projects .
In the calendar month and years following the oil embargo , the U.S. government answer by establishing a cabinet - level Department of Energy . Congress also pass important legislation , such as the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 , the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1976 , and the National Energy Act of 1978 .
The U.S.Strategic Petroleum Reserve — presently about 700 million barrels ( 111 million three-dimensional time ) — was also train as a wall against future oil shortages .
These efforts had real payoff : From 1977 to 1985 , the U.S. economy grew 27 percent , even as oil use fell 17 pct and import of crude fell 50 percent , accord to the Rocky Mountain Institute ( RMI ) , a nonprofit energy enquiry pith .
Additionally , cable car became lighter and more fuel - effective ; homes , offices and other building became more energy - efficient ; and support for sight passage get a big snapshot in the arm .
In an authoritative symbolic gesture , President Jimmy Carter in 1979 installedsolar panelson the roof of the White House . But those , like Americans ' newfound bosom of vim preservation , did n’t last .
Americans ' hit the snooze push button '
Despite the impressive gains made during and after the oil trade embargo — it ended when Israel withdrew its troop from the west side of the Suez Canal in March 1974 — not everyone was enthusiastic about push preservation .
" Conservation means we ’ll be spicy in the summer and cold in the winter , " Ronald Reagan famously quipped , shortly before he entered the White House in 1981 , usher in an era of deregulation and knee - jerky financial support for the oil and gas industriousness .
" Policymakers , alternatively of finishing the job , hit the snooze push button for a decade , " Amory B. Lovins , a scientist with RMI , wrote in a recent blog post .
" When the crisis passed , everything stopped , " George Shultz , secretary of state during the Reagan organization , said during a 2013 presentation to theCommonwealth Club of California , pertain to the crude trade embargo . " It ’s hard to keep the momentum going without a crisis . "
Indeed , the rash use of gasolene and rock oil continued unabated throughout the 1980s and 1990s . Investments in renewable vigor enquiry dwindle away once the Reagan administration took office . And in another important emblematical gesture , Reagan had the solar panel on the White House roof withdraw in 1986 .
Oil consumption shed
Nonetheless , the electric shock waves that reverberated throughout the global thriftiness in the early 1970s as a result of the OPEC oil embargo did have some meaningful results .
" Producing a dollar of GDP now uses less than half the muscularity and one - third the oil it took in 1973 , " Lovins wrote . " lead andsolar power , now chinchy than gas - fired power in favorable sites , added one-half of newfangled U.S. generating capacity [ in 2012 ] , and urinate a dollar of GDP took 3.4 pct less electricity than a year earlier . "
The United States consume 34.8 quadrillion Btus of rock oil zip in 1973 , allot to the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , and 40 eld later on , it was expected to eat up just 34.2 quadrillion Btus — an telling drop in oil consumption , count the outgrowth in population and economic activity since the other seventies .
A report from oil heavyweight BP found that in 1973 , oil accounted for almost one-half ( 48 pct ) of muscularity uptake worldwide ; by 2012 , petroleum ’s share of the planetary energy diet had fall to one - third ( 33 percentage ) .
Will fracking keep open us ?
But while some people are heralding the world ’s reduced dependency on oil , others have mark a worrisome trend : the increasing availability of petroleum and innate gas from hydraulic fracturing , orfracking , a controversial descent proficiency that has serious health and environmental risks , accord to some experts . [ Deepwater Horizon : Images of an Impact ]
And as oil cost soften as a result of increasing supplying , consumption is also expected to increase .
Last twelvemonth , Reutersreported that the United States had surpassed Saudi Arabia to become the earth ’s run supplier of rock oil and gas , largely from shale deposit made available through fracking .
" That is not because of the ingenuity of government or of authorities officials , " James Schlesinger , energy secretaire during the Carter administration , toldPolitico . " That was the unselfishness of the Lord Almighty . "
" We ’re issue one , and that clear puts us in a unlike position than we were 40 years ago , when we were very , very , very vulnerable , " Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski , ranking member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee , differentiate Politico . " That vulnerability is still there , but not most to the extent and to the level that we faced four decade ago . "
Other experts , however , turn away to call crude oil and gas from fracking a gravy , insisting that the body politic ’s trust on fossil fuels is a dead death . [ Top 10 Worst Oil Spills ]
" The rotted residue of primeval swampland goo — a cubic mile of vegetable oil costing $ 3.5 trillion that the world burns each twelvemonth , plus three cubic miles of ember and gasolene — is becoming no longer economical , " Lovins wrote .
" Fracked oil color and accelerator , Canadian tar guts , Saudi-Arabian oil colour — none can beat mod efficiency and renewables on direct monetary value , price stableness or wallop , " Lovins wrote . " The end of the battle - creating , climate - jeopardise Oil Age is come intelligibly into purview , and not a moment too soon . "
